![]() ![]() ![]() Goddard began to use it with the residents at the Training School at Vineland and became an advocate of the intelligence test, administering it to several teachers to use on their students. Goddard later translated the intelligence test from French to English and wrote an article about the test, called “The Grading of Backward Children: The De Sanctis Tests, and the Binet and Simon Tests of Intellectual Capacity” in 1908. In other words, if a child tested below the score of an average child of their age, then Binet and Simon considered those children to be mentally deficient. Binet and Simon defined mental age in terms of the actual age of a child with average intelligence. The purpose of the test was to assign children a mental age based on their abilities to complete several tasks, like copy patterns and identify objects. ![]() To learn from other researchers, in 1908, Goddard traveled throughout Europe, where he became familiar with and obtained copies of a French psychologist Alfred Binet and physician Theodore Simon’s intelligence test. Benjamin Jr., he did not know how to conduct that type of research. In his research, Goddard attempted to study the intelligence of children, but according to historian Ludy T. Johnstone later hired Goddard to work as the director of research at a new research laboratory at the Training School at Vineland, and in September 1906, Goddard began his research into mental deficiency. Goddard and Hall continued to exchange ideas with Johnstone and formed a group to study mental deficiencies, called the Feebleminded Club. At that time, Johnstone was the principal and head of the New Jersey Training School for Feeble-Minded Children at Vineland, hereafter the Training School at Vineland. In 1901, Goddard and Hall attended a child-study movement meeting in Newark, New Jersey, where they met Edward Ransome Johnstone. During that same year, Goddard joined the psychology faculty at the State Normal School in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Goddard earned his doctorate degree in psychology in 1899. Hall founded the child-study movement, which studied children to help develop laws concerning the education of children. Goddard moved to Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he studied with Hall and became involved in the child-study movement. Goddard later started to study psychology through contact with psychologist Granville Stanley Hall. He then became a teacher at Oak Grove Seminary in Vassalboro in 1891 and later became principal of that school until 1896. During that same year, he began teaching at the Damascus Academy in Damascus, Ohio, where he met his wife Emma Florence Robbins, who Goddard also married in 1889. After one year in Los Angeles, Goddard returned to Haverford College and earned a master's degree in mathematics in 1889. ![]() Following his graduation, Goddard taught Latin, history, and botany at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California, where he also served as the one of the first coaches for the school’s football team. Goddard attended Haverford College in Haverford, Pennsylvania, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1887. His mother, Sarah Winslow Goddard, and his father, Henry Clay Goddard, were Quakers, a denomination of Christianity. Goddard was born on 14 August 1866 in Vasalboro, Maine. Although by the end of his life, psychologists largely dismissed Goddard’s work, schools and the US military used Goddard’s version of Binet and Simon’s intelligence test to identify mental deficiency. His observations and research led Goddard to advocate for sterilization and segregation of the intellectually disabled, which were ideas that reflected the emerging eugenics movement in the US, during the early nineteenth century. Goddard also wrote a book in 1912 called The Kallikaks: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness, claiming that traits like mental deficiency were heritable traits. In 1908, Goddard brought French psychologist Alfred Binet and physician Theodore Simon’s intelligence test to the US and used it to investigate intellectual disability in children at the Vineland Training School for Feeble-Minded Boys and Girls. Henry Herbert Goddard was a psychologist who conducted research on intelligence and mental deficiency at the Vineland Training School for Feeble-Minded Boys and Girls in Vineland, New Jersey during the early twentieth century. ![]()
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